After the Battle of Village Creek, the Republic of Texas signed the Fort Bird Treaty of 1842.

What are these "earth pimples" (acne!) as some researchers have described the circular mounds that appear in all over the Red River Valley?

The census of Native People of New Orleans Territory included descriptions of tribal languages, places, and affiliations.

A Peace Treaty that wasn't supposed to be peaceful was signed by the tribes southern Indian Territory at Camp Napoleon in May 1865.

Discovery of an ancient village at Fish Creek, formerly a channel of the Red River in Cooke County, Texas, explains Cross Timbers people.

A 1656 map shows villages like Naguatex, which were described in the 1557 book, Gentleman of Elvas, about the de Soto expedition.

According to Jacques Marquette in 1673, this is the "First Map of the Mississippi River."

A Hamlet-Style Transaction between Tishomingo of the Chickasaws and the Choctaws, as related by a French writer in 1749.

Several years ago, I took a road trip and found myself at Indian City, USA. I'm glad I did, because Indian City, USA is no more.

This French map from 1783 combines European claims and native America.

The "Old Southwest," which is dominated by the Red River, is a political rather than a cultural designation.

This photograph depicts "part of Satanta's Kiowa Band at Sutler's Store, Fort Sill, Indian Territory" by either Soule or Bliss.

The Caddo structures were so numerous that Europeans who came to the Red River labeled southwestern Arkansas "Mound City."

Evidence of the Caddo City of the Dead along Ozan Creek at Washington, Hempstead County, Arkansas has been almost entirely eliminated.

Ozan in Hempstead County, Arkansas is a true City of the Dead, a place that connected to the Battle Mound village along the Red River.

Muriel Wright and Chester Howe explained different versions of how the state of Oklahoma achieved its name.

In 1868, a battle between native Plains warriors and American settlers took place at White Creek where Cooke, Denton and Wise counties meet.

From 1893 to 1920, Rainy Mountain Indian School "Americanized" children from the Kiowa and Apache tribes, and now lies as an unmarked ruin.

Wegefarth County was platted and promoted in 1873 to white homesteaders to push out native people.

One of the most historic places in Grayson County, Texas is Waterloo Lake in Denison, fed by Sand Springs, a natural watering hole.